Instead of writing the same letter four times, a rule for subtraction is used. On many clocks that use Roman numerals, however, 4 is written as IIII. The IV and IX can be read as "one less than 5" (4) and "one less than 10" (9). I, II, III, IV, V, VI, VII, VIII, IX, X, XI, XII For example, on the clock of Big Ben, the hours from 1 to 12 are written as: One place in which they are sometimes seen is on clock faces (the front of a clock). However, people still use Roman numerals to this day. From the 14th century, the Europeans replaced Roman numerals with Arabic numerals. The Europeans still used Roman numerals even after the fall of the Roman Empire. Numbers in this system use letters from the Latin alphabet. If you found this breakdown of Roman numerals helpful, please share it with your friends so more people can benefit from it.Īlso, feel free to reach out on Twitter and let me know what you think.Roman numerals are a numeral system that was used by ancient Rome. How to Add a Vinculum or Horizontal Line Over Roman Numerals With HTML and CSSįor you devs out there, the easiest way to add a vinculum to Roman numerals online is to wrap the symbols in an element and use a bit of CSS.įor example, to add a horizontal line over the symbols IV in IVIII, you can wrap them in a span element and set its text-decoration property to overline: IVIII With this extended set of Roman numeral symbols, 4,000 would be represented as the following:Īnd here's a table of larger numbers and their Roman numeral representations to get you started: Number Here are the Roman numeral symbols with the vinculum applied: 1,000 If you see a Roman numeral symbol with a horizontal line over it, that just means to multiply that symbol by 1,000. Instead, one of the most common ways to represent larger Roman numerals is with a vinculum, or a straight horizontal line above one or more symbols. This works, but many see this as invalid since 4 (and 9) have special representations in lower numbers. Since Roman numerals were never fully standardized, you might see the number 4,000 represented as MMMM. If you check the table above, you'll see that whenever a 4 or 9 appears (including 40, 90, 400, 900) that the Roman numerals are ordered in a particular way so the lesser symbol is subtracted from the one of greater value immediate afterwards. This is due to the special methods for representing 4 and 9 mentioned above. You might have noticed that the chart above only goes from 1 to 3,999. How to Represent Large Numbers in Roman Numerals Then perform the conversion on each group and combine them to get the Roman numeral equivalent: * 2,000 = MM How to Convert a Number into Roman Numeralsīecause Roman numerals are often ordered from largest to smallest, break the number you're converting up into groups of thousands, hundreds, tens, and ones, and perform the conversion on each group.įor example, if you want to convert the number 2,014 (the year freeCodeCamp was founded) into Roman numerals, break the number up as follows: 2,014 = 2,000 + 10 + 4 Just scroll through the table or use Ctrl/Cmd + f to find the value you're looking for: Number Here is a table of numbers and their Roman numeral equivalent, followed by more in-depth explanations about how to perform the conversions. Also, the numeral IX, or 9, would be read as "one less than 10" (10 - 1). The Roman numeral IV, or 4, would be read as "one less than 5" (5 - 1). But when certain symbols of lesser value are placed before another symbol, their values are subtracted.įor example, the numeral VI, or 6, would be read as "five plus one" (5 + 1), and XI, or 11, is "ten plus one" (10 + 1).īut the methods for representing 4 and 9 are special. When a symbol of equal or lesser value is placed after another symbol, their values are added. The value of a numeral is determined by its position in relation to other symbols. Here is a table of the symbols used in the Roman numeral system: 1 In this system, symbols are used to represent different numbers, with I representing 1, V representing 5, X representing 10, L representing 50, C representing 100, D representing 500, and M representing 1,000. They are used to represent numbers in the decimal system, but they are not used for mathematical operations. Roman numerals are a numerical system that originated in ancient Rome.
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